The largest rally was held in Paris, where 700,000 people marched in cold and wet conditions. Other large demonstrations were staged in Marseille, where organisers reported that 250,000 people participated, Bordeaux (100,000), Toulouse (80,000), Nantes (70,000), and Grenoble (60,000). The turnout was twice as large as that for the previous national day of action against the CPE on Saturday, March 18.

Workers across a range of industries went on strike yesterday. Bus, railway, and metro work stoppages affected public transport services in Paris and 75 other cities and towns. One third of all flights were cancelled and the rest suffered delays as air traffic controllers and many Air France workers struck. Other public sector workers on strike included teachers, hospital workers, and energy workers at Gaz de France SA and Electricite de France SA. Strikes at printing companies left France’s daily newspapers unpublished, while the public news radio station France-Info broadcast pre-recorded music.

Private sector workers also stopped work in significant numbers and participated in the demonstrations, including young workers striking for the first time. Hundreds of thousands of high school and university students again marched throughout France. The leading university students’ union, UNEF (l’Union Nationale des étudiants de France), reported that 56 of France’s 84 universities have been closed by the protests. One quarter of all high schools have also been affected by ongoing student strikes.

The national demonstration underscored the depth of popular opposition to the government of Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin and the determination of the French people to defeat the government’s attack on workers’ conditions. Villepin and President Jacques Chirac—indeed the entire French ruling elite—are extremely weak and isolated. According to an opinion poll conducted by Le Monde and France2 Television, just 4 percent want the CPE to be maintained unchanged, and only one third of respondents supported the prime minister.

The crisis has raised the necessity for the anti-CPE movement to bring down the ruling administration and replace it with a government that genuinely represents the interests of French workers and youth. Such a struggle can only be advanced on the basis of constructing a new independent and international socialist party of the working class. At yesterday’s demonstration in Paris, supporters of the World Socialist Web Site distributed thousands of copies of the WSWS statement, “Fight vs. ‘First Job Contract’ raises need for new working class leadership” http://www.wsws.org/articles/2006/mar2006/fran-m28.shtml, which advanced this perspective.

As the statement stressed, a genuine struggle against the Chirac-Villepin administration requires the working class to break from the entire French “left”—the trade unions and Socialist and Communist parties, as well as the so-called “extreme left” groups. These organisations have done everything in their power to prevent the anti-CPE movement developing into a struggle against the government and its right-wing agenda. Their primary concern is to preserve the stability of the French state.

UNEF head Bruno Julliard, who has close ties to the Socialist Party, summed up the position of the trade unions, social-democrats, and Stalinists on Europe 1 radio last Monday. “The call for the resignation of the government is not a demand that I share because we are not organising a movement with the aim of the resignation of the government,” the student union leader declared. “I do not want to inflict a defeat on Dominique de Villepin—I’m not interested in that.... At the end of this movement we do not want there to be a loser or a winner. What we want is for there to be an end to this mobilisation. We are asking for a discussion—neither side should lose face. Let’s organise a way out of this crisis.”

The effort of the French “left” to prop up Villepin is a reflection of the reality that the established parties have no genuine differences with his programme. There is a consensus within the French political establishment that the gains secured by working people in the decades after World War II must be reversed and that the working class must be subjected to the discipline of the “free market.” To maintain French capitalism’s international competitiveness against rivals in the US, Europe, and Asia, wages and conditions must be systematically driven down. The only point of debate is how to implement the necessary measures without provoking mass opposition.

The need for workers and youth to break from the established “left” and to develop their own independent socialist party is the task immediately posed to the anti-CPE movement. The longer this is postponed, the greater the danger that the movement will be betrayed and suppressed.

Villepin has maintained that the CPE will not be withdrawn. Speaking in the National Assembly yesterday, he repeated his offer to negotiate changes to certain aspects of the way in which legislation was implemented while refusing to rescind the reform.

The crisis has led to calls from within the ruling elite for a fresh approach. In a speech on Monday, Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy declared that “social dialogue is an essential condition to the success of all reform,” and called for a single employment contract for all age groups. “We have to find a way which is not a retreat and at the same time allows the unions to come back to the negotiating table,” Sarkozy’s advisor Eric Woerth explained. Laurence Parisot, head of the business group MEDEF, said yesterday that she would not be opposed to the suspension of the CPE. France’s Constitutional Council, which will rule on the legality of the CPE tomorrow, may strike down the legislation, thereby allowing the government to regroup and redraft the legislation in another form.

The trade unions, together with the Socialist and Communist parties, would no doubt proclaim such a ruling as a great victory and use it to wind up the anti-government demonstrations and strikes. But in fact, neither the withdrawal of the CPE nor the replacement of Villepin with another figure from the political establishment would of itself signify the defeat of right-wing attacks on workers’ conditions.

The government has meanwhile stepped up police repression of the anti-CPE demonstrations. Sarkozy met with senior police officers before yesterday’s protest and instructed them to “arrest as many thugs, that means delinquents, as you can.” Thousands of police were mobilised across the country, including 4,000 in Paris. Officers reportedly searched and detained large numbers of youths from the capital’s impoverished suburbs arriving at the demonstration.

There were further incidents reported of violence and theft by groups of casseurs (“hooligans”) as well as clashes between police and small sections of the demonstrations in Paris and other cities. Riot police used tear gas in Paris, Rouen, Grenoble, and other cities. Authorities reported that 387 predominantly young people were arrested yesterday, more than half in Paris.

WSWS reporters spoke with a number of workers and students at the demonstration in Paris.

“My high school, the lycée Dorian has been blockaded for a week now,” Vincent Assailly said. “The majority of the students are quite actively involved. It’s an excited atmosphere.

“Villepin doesn’t want to let go, but now he’s going to have to do something when faced with such a big mobilisation. For the moment, I think he’s bluffing. He’s scared, he doesn’t want to lose face, but he’s going to have to give ground because it’s the survival of the government that’s at stake.

“Many of the people who’re demonstrating today know that it’s necessary to go beyond the CPE. They reject the logic of the market, which sees us as commodities, always fattening the shareholders at our expense. It may not be the majority, but there’s a part of the movement that would like to take the struggle further. Not just the youth, but workers as well, reject insecurity in general. Indeed, if you want to finish with our lives being commodities, you are going to have to make a radical break with the capitalist system. That’s not what all the demonstrators think—it’s what I think.

“There’s a cruel lack of coordination between the different movements. All over the world countries are looking inwards, concerned with their own problems, it’s a shame. We can talk on a national basis—but locally we are not organised enough. We must create networks starting from these sections and then do things globally. The key, if we really want to contain the plagues afflicting our world, is to create public services on a world scale—real social services, not just stamps for the post office, but also for food, housing, culture. That would enable the inhabitants of the earth to face tomorrow without fear. That’s essential. That’s the issue we must measure up to.”

Matthieu Grimbert, a young information technology worker employed in the private sector, also spoke with the WSWS. “I’ve been a worker now for five years,” he said. “I’ve come today to support the youth, to stop them having to live in insecurity that is getting worse in France. This is the first time we’ve been called out on strike on the CPE question, the first time I’ve gone on strike since I started work.

“This struggle involves far more than just the CPE, it goes against the world situation and even the situation in France—a country that is in constant decline. They’re always hitting at work rights and social gains. We can’t allow them to do that—more and more of us are going to have job insecurity, either unemployed or on short-term contracts. That’s why we’re demonstrating—to make the government back down on the CPE. But that involves much more than the CPE.

“I completely agree with the National Student Coordination in calling for a general strike. We have everything to play for now. I agree with the calling for the resignation of the government. It wouldn’t listen to us young people, and it’s more and more out of step with the country. I don’t think the government even without Villepin would do anything but act in its own interests and the interests of the bosses, so the government must go. They try to make us think that the economy governs the country and governs the politicians. I think and I believe that that’s not the case. I want the politicians to be able to bang on the table and say ‘no, it’s not the economy that runs the country, something can be done about it.’ In 10 or 20 years, all there will be is insecurity, an enormous rate of unemployment throughout Europe. It’s not a French problem but a European problem.

“In 2002, unfortunately I voted for Chirac. I regret it bitterly. Chirac’s had a terrible term in office. If I had been older and more experienced, I would have supported your campaign for an active boycott independent of the political establishment in France. I was in a situation where I wasn’t really given a choice. I found myself in a situation where I felt I had to vote for Chirac in spite of everything. If I had had another alternative, I would have grabbed it.”